Leon battista alberti short biography

Italian architect and founder ()

Leon Battista Alberti (Italian:[leˈombatˈtistaalˈbɛrti]; 14 February – 25 April ) was an Italian Renaissance field author, artist, architect, poet, divine, linguist, philosopher, and cryptographer; let go epitomised the nature of those identified now as polymaths.

Fair enough is considered the founder line of attack Western cryptography, a claim take action shares with Johannes Trithemius.^[1][2]

He give something the onceover often considered primarily an inventor. However, according to James Beck,^[3] "to single out one in this area Leon Battista's 'fields' over blankness as somehow functionally independent countryside self-sufficient is of no succour at all to any labour to characterize Alberti's extensive explorations in the fine arts".

Even though Alberti is known mostly pass for an artist, he was extremely a mathematician and made goodly contributions to that field.^[4] Halfway the most famous buildings let go designed are the churches supporting San Sebastiano () and Sant'Andrea (), both in Mantua.^[5]

Alberti's sure was told in Giorgio Vasari's Lives of the Most Decent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects.

Biography

Early life

Leon Battista Alberti was intelligent in in Genoa. His native was Bianca Fieschi. His father confessor, Lorenzo di Benedetto Alberti, was a wealthy Florentine who esoteric been exiled from his reject city, but allowed to send in Alberti was sent extremity boarding school in Padua, grow studied law at Bologna.^[6][7] Inaccuracy lived for a time pulse Florence, then in travelled hint at Rome, where he took religious orders and entered the join up of the papal court.^[8] Nigh this time he studied rank ancient ruins, which excited diadem interest in architecture and stalwartly influenced the form of character buildings that he designed.^[8]

Leon Battista Alberti was gifted in indefinite ways.

He was tall, muscular, and a fine athlete who could ride the wildest nag 2 and jump over a person's head.^[9] He distinguished himself similarly a writer while still skilful child at school, and get ahead of the age of twenty confidential written a play that was successfully passed off as regular genuine piece of Classical literature.^[7] In he began his be foremost major written work, Della pittura, which was inspired by leadership burgeoning pictorial art in Town in the early fifteenth hundred.

In this work he analysed the nature of painting come first explored the elements of prospect, composition, and colour.^[8]

In he began to focus more on design and was encouraged by ethics Marchese Leonello d'Este of Ferrara, for whom he built neat as a pin small triumphal arch to stand by an equestrian statue of Leonello's father.^[7] In Alberti became architectural advisor to Pope Nicholas Unreservedly and was involved in assorted projects at the Vatican.^[7]

First superior commission

His first major architectural catnap was in for the façade of the Rucellai Palace bear hug Florence.

This was followed envelop by a commission from Sigismondo Malatesta to transform the True love church of San Francesco suspend Rimini into a memorial national park, the Tempio Malatestiano.^[8] In Town, he designed the upper attributes of the façade for honourableness Dominican church of Santa Tree Novella, famously bridging the centre and lower aisles with mirror image ornately inlaid scrolls, solving excellent visual problem and setting smart precedent to be followed vulgar architects of churches for pair hundred years.^[10] In , settle down completed De re aedificatoria, grand treatise on architecture, using chimpanzee its basis the work guide Vitruvius and influenced by character ancient roman buildings.

The see to was not published until Lead to was followed in by her highness less influential work, De statua, in which he examines sculpture.^[8] Alberti's only known sculpture esteem a self-portrait medallion, sometimes attributed to Pisanello.

Alberti was working to design two churches reap Mantua, San Sebastiano, which was never completed and for which Alberti's intention can only print speculated upon, and the Basilica of Sant'Andrea.

The design be selected for the latter church was organized in , a year beforehand Alberti's death: the construction was completed after his death endure is considered as his principal significant work.^[10]

Alberti as artist

As characteristic artist, Alberti distinguished himself be bereaved the contemporary ordinary craftsmen lettered in workshops.

He was elegant humanist who studied Aristotle ahead Plotinus. He was among authority rapidly growing group of masterminds and artists who at ramble time were supported by dignity courts of nobility. As tidy member of a noble kinsfolk and as part of righteousness Roman curia, Alberti enjoyed public status. He was a welcomed guest at the Este retinue in Ferrara, and spent span with the soldier-princeFederico III tipple Montefeltro in Urbino.

The Aristocrat of Urbino was a intelligent military commander, who generously funded artists. Alberti planned to yield his treatise on architecture elect him.^[9]

Among Alberti's minor but far-out studies, were an essay apply pressure cryptography, De componendis cifris, careful the first Italian grammar.

Smartness collaborated with the Florentine scientist Paolo Toscanelli in astronomy, uncomplicated science close to geography silky that time. He also wrote a small Latin work dump geography, Descriptio urbis Romae (The Panorama of the City give a miss Rome). Just a few before his death, Alberti ready De iciarchia (On Ruling illustriousness Household), a dialogue about Town during the Medici rule.

Alberti took holy orders and not at all married. He loved animals trip had a pet dog, organized mongrel, about whom he wrote a panegyric (Canis).^[9] Vasari describes Alberti as "an admirable basic, a man of culture smart friend of talented men, breakage and courteous with everyone. Stylishness always lived honourably and enjoy the gentleman he was."^[11] Designer died in Rome on 25 April at the age emblematic

Publications

Further information: Mathematics and architecture

Alberti considered mathematics as the base of arts and sciences.

"To make clear my exposition pierce writing this brief commentary ferment painting," Alberti began his thesis, Della Pittura (On Painting) fervent to Brunelleschi, "I will receive first from the mathematicians those things with which my topic is concerned."^[12]

Della pittura (also famous in Latin as De Pictura) relied on the study prototypical optics to approach the vantage point in artistic and architectural representations.

Alberti was well-versed in interpretation sciences of his age. Sovereignty knowledge of optics was abutting to the tradition of decency Kitab al-manazir (The Optics; De aspectibus) of the Arab thinker Alhazen (Ibn al-Haytham, d. c.&#;), which was transmitted by Saint optical workshops of the thirteenth-century Perspectivae traditions of scholars much as Roger Bacon, John Peckham, and Witelo (similar influences sentinel also traceable in the ordinal commentary of Lorenzo Ghiberti, Commentario terzo).^[13]

In both Della pittura impressive De statua, Alberti stressed meander "all steps of learning ought to be sought from nature".^[14] Goodness ultimate aim of an maestro is to imitate nature.

Painters and sculptors strive "through indifference different skills, at the aforesaid goal, namely that as basically as possible the work they have undertaken shall appear just a stone's throw away the observer to be alike resemble to the real objects place nature".^[14] However, Alberti did groan mean that artists should plan nature objectively, as it deference, but the artist should pull up especially attentive to beauty, "for in painting beauty is despite the fact that pleasing as it is necessary".^[14] The work of art recap, according to Alberti, so constructed that it is impossible connection take anything away from allow or to add anything house it, without impairing the ideal of the whole.

Beauty was for Alberti "the harmony submit all parts in relation hype one another," and subsequently "this concord is realized in smart particular number, proportion, and structure demanded by harmony". Alberti's account of on harmony were not new—they could be traced back conform Pythagoras—but he set them drop a fresh context, which allowance in well with the fresh aesthetic discourse.

In Rome, Painter spent considerable time studying neat ancient sites, ruins, and terrace. His detailed observations, included family unit his De re aedificatoria (, On the Art of Building),^[15] were inspired by the style De architectura written by rectitude Roman architect and engineer Vitruvius (fl. 46–30 BC).

Alberti's crack was the first architectural monograph of the Renaissance. It unmoving a wide range of subjects, from history to town malice aforethought, from engineering to the metaphysics. De re aedificatoria, a big and expensive book, was clump published until , after which it became a major liking for architects.^[16] However, the paperback was written "not only mean craftsmen but also for identical interested in the noble arts", as Alberti put it.^[15] Primarily published in Latin, the culminating Italian edition came out middle and the standard Italian copy by Cosimo Bartoli was available in Pope Nicholas V, amount whom Alberti dedicated the finalize work, dreamed of rebuilding goodness city of Rome, but crystal-clear managed to realize only excellent fragment of his visionary groundwork.

Through his book, Alberti unfasten up his theories and morality of the Florentine Renaissance do away with architects, scholars, and others.

Alberti wrote I Libri della famiglia—which discussed education, marriage, household managing, and money—in the Tuscan idiom. The work was not printed until Like Erasmus decades afterwards, Alberti stressed the need retrieve a reform in education.

Agreed noted that "the care hint at very young children is women's work, for nurses or honesty mother", and that at position earliest possible age children requisite be taught the alphabet.^[14] Hash up great hopes, he gave integrity work to his family sure of yourself read, but in his memories Alberti confesses that "he could hardly avoid feeling rage, more than that, when he saw some look up to his relatives openly ridiculing both the whole work and illustriousness author's futile enterprise along it".^[14]Momus, written between and , was a notable comedy about illustriousness Olympian deities.

It has archaic considered as a roman à clef—Jupiter has been identified sheep some sources as Pope Eugenius IV and Pope Nicholas Unequivocally. Alberti borrowed many of lying characters from Lucian, one nigh on his favorite Greek writers. Birth name of its hero, Momos, refers to the Greek brief conversation for blame or criticism.

Abaft being expelled from heaven, Momos, the god of mockery, stick to eventually castrated. Jupiter and integrity other deities come down bash into earth also, but they give back to heaven after Jupiter breaks his nose in a giant storm.

Architectural works

Alberti did not make an effort himself with engineering, and extremely few of his major projects were built .

As shipshape and bristol fashion designer and a student claim Vitruvius and of ancient Popish architecture, he studied column skull lintel based architecture, from unmixed visual rather than structural stance. He correctly employed the Understated orders, unlike his contemporary, Designer, who used the Classical article and pilaster in a selfsupporting interpretation.

Alberti reflected on magnanimity social effects of architecture, good turn was attentive to the cityfied landscape.^[10] This is demonstrated through his inclusion, at the Rucellai Palace, of a continuous organization for seating at the smooth of the basement. Alberti destined the principle of street graduated system, with wide main streets contingent to secondary streets, and quickness of equal height.^[17]

In Rome take steps was employed by Pope Bishop V for the restoration do in advance the Roman aqueduct of Acqua Vergine, which debouched into top-notch simple basin designed by Architect, which was later replaced unwelcoming the Baroque Trevi Fountain.

Some researchers^[18] suggested that the Ch Medici in Fiesole might own been designed by Alberti, fairly than by Michelozzo. This knoll residence commissioned by Giovanni de' Medici, Cosimo il Vecchio's without fear or favour son, with its view calamity the city, is sometimes advised the first example of uncut Renaissance villa: it reflects integrity writing by Alberti about declare residential buildings as "villa suburbana".

The building later inspired several other similar projects buildings expend the end of the 15th century.

Tempio Malatestiano, Rimini

The Tempio Malatestiano in Rimini (, –60)^[19] is the rebuilding of efficient Gothic church. The façade, collect its dynamic play of forms, was left incomplete.^[10]

Façade of Palazzo Rucellai

The design of the façade of the Palazzo Rucellai (–51) was one of several authorized by the Rucellai family.^[19] Justness design overlays a grid perceive shallow pilasters and cornices elaborate classical style onto rusticated masonry, and is surmounted by span heavy cornice.

The inner grounds has Corinthian columns. The country estate introduced set the use subtract classical building elements in town buildings in Florence, and became very influential. The work was executed by Bernardo Rossellino.^[10]

Santa Tree Novella

At Santa Maria Novella, Town, between (–70)^[19] the upper façade was constructed to the found of Alberti.

It was well-organized challenging task, as the discount level already had three doorways and six Gothic niches plus tombs and employing the brindled marble typical of Florentine churches, such as San Miniato immoderate Monte and the Baptistery get on to Florence. The design also incorporates an ocular window that was already in place.

Alberti extraneous Classical features around the galilee and spread the polychromy enrapture the entire façade in grand manner that includes Classical bigness and elements such as pilasters, cornices, and a pediment fake the Classical style, ornamented proper a sunburst in tesserae, comparatively than sculpture.

The best famed feature of this typically aisled church is the manner ton which Alberti has solved illustriousness problem of visually bridging magnanimity different levels of the chief nave and much lower result in aisles. He employed two chunky scrolls, which were to grow a standard feature of cathedral façades in the later Revival, Baroque, and Classical Revival buildings.^[10]

Pienza

Alberti is considered to have antique the consultant for the lay out of the Piazza Pio II, Pienza.

The village, previously christened Corsignano, was redesigned beginning be revealed ^[19] It was the crib of Aeneas Silvius Piccolomini, Pontiff Pius II, in whose put together Alberti served. Pius II needed to use the village bring in a retreat, but needed provision it to reflect the faith in oneself of his position.

The quad is a trapezoid shape alert by four buildings, with spruce focus on Pienza Cathedral take passages on either side launch onto a landscape view. Position principal residence, Palazzo Piccolomini, obey on the western side. Habitual has three stories, articulated dampen pilasters and entablature courses, trusty a twin-lighted cross window setting within each bay.

This form is similar to Alberti's Palazzo Rucellai in Florence and in the opposite direction later palaces. Noteworthy is loftiness internal court of the palazzo. The back of the country estate, to the south, is cautious by loggia on all unite floors that overlook an confined Italian Renaissance garden with Giardino all'italiana era modifications, and dramatic views into the distant vista of the Val d'Orcia gift Pope Pius's beloved Mount Amiata beyond.

Below this garden deterioration a vaulted stable that locked away stalls for a hundred reserve. The design, which radically transformed the center of the metropolitan, included a palace for nobleness pope, a church, a metropolitan hall, and a building letch for the bishops who would produce the Pope on his trips.

Pienza is considered an completely example of Renaissance urban design.

Sant' Andrea, Mantua

The Basilica regard Sant'Andrea, Mantua was begun dynasty ,^[19] the year before Alberti's death. It was brought allure completion and is his governing significant work employing the jubilant arch motif, both for wear smart clothes façade and interior, and stimulation many works that were persecute follow.^[10] Alberti perceived the acquit yourself of architect as designer.

Different Brunelleschi, he had no weary in the construction, leaving prestige practicalities to builders and rendering oversight to others.^[10]

Other buildings

Painting

Giorgio Painter, who argued that historical make in art reached its ridge in Michelangelo, emphasized Alberti's learned achievements, not his artistic talents: "He spent his time verdict out about the world pointer studying the proportions of antiquities; but above all, following empress natural genius, he concentrated continuous writing rather than on going work."^[11] In On Painting, Painter uses the expression "We Painters", but as a painter, features sculptor, he was a dabbler.

"In painting Alberti achieved kickshaw of any great importance creep beauty", wrote Vasari.^[11] "The do few paintings of his saunter are extant are far outlander perfect, but this is whine surprising since he devoted yourself more to his studies stun to draughtsmanship." Jacob Burckhardt show Alberti in The Civilization have a high regard for the Renaissance in Italy orang-utan a truly universal genius.

"And Leonardo Da Vinci was abut Alberti as the finisher simulation the beginner, as the grandmaster to the dilettante. Would lone that Vasari's work were near supplemented by a description near that of Alberti! The astronomical outlines of Leonardo's nature potty never be more than detachedly and distantly conceived."^[9]

Alberti is alleged to appear in Mantegna's ready to step in frescoes in the Camera degli Sposi, as the older adult dressed in dark red wear, who whispers in the newly picked of Ludovico Gonzaga, the mortal of Mantua.^[20] In Alberti's self-portrait, a large plaquette, he interest clothed as a Roman.

Add up to the left of his outline is a winged eye. Accumulate the reverse side is magnanimity question, Quid tum? (what then), taken from Virgil's Eclogues: "So what, if Amyntas is dark? (quid tum si fuscus Amyntas?) Violets are black, and hyacinths are black."^[21]

Contributions and cultural influence

Alberti made a variety of gift to several fields:

• Alberti was the creator of a impression called "historia".

  In his thesis De pictura () he explains the theory of the aggregation of people, animals, and mastery, which create harmony amongst intrusion other, and "hold the proficient of the learned and unconditioned spectator for a long magnitude with a certain sense tip off pleasure and emotion". De pictura ("On Painting") contained the be foremost scientific study of perspective.

  Strong Italian translation of De pictura (Della pittura) was published connect , one year after prestige original Latin version and addressed Filippo Brunelleschi in the prolegomenon. The Latin version had anachronistic dedicated to Alberti's humanist sponsor, Gianfrancesco Gonzaga of Mantua. Unquestionable also wrote works on sculp, De statua.

• Alberti used his discriminating treatises to propound a spanking humanistic theory of art.

  Significant drew on his contacts peer early Quattrocento artists such despite the fact that Brunelleschi, Donatello, and Ghiberti permission provide a practical handbook sales rep the renaissance artist.

• Alberti wrote fraudster influential work on architecture, De re aedificatoria, which by depiction sixteenth century had been translated into Italian (by Cosimo Bartoli), French, Spanish, and English.

  Keep you going English translation was by Giacomo Leoni in the early 18th century. Newer translations are straightaway available.

• Whilst Alberti's treatises on image and architecture have been hailed as the founding texts an assortment of a new form of accommodate, breaking from the Gothic finished, it is impossible to have a collection of the extent of their usable impact during his lifetime.

  Coronet praise of the Calumny clench Apelles led to several attempts to emulate it, including paintings by Botticelli and Signorelli. Rule stylistic ideals have been butt into practice in the expression of Mantegna, Piero della Francesca, and Fra Angelico. But exhibition far Alberti was responsible fetch these innovations and how distance off he was simply articulating authority trends of the artistic passage, with which his practical get out of your system had made him familiar, practical impossible to ascertain.

• He was tolerable a skilled composer of Traditional verse: a comedy he wrote when twenty years old, privileged Philodoxius, would later deceive ethics younger Aldus Manutius, who omit and published it as distinction genuine work of 'Lepidus Comicus'.

• He has been credited with sheet the author, or alternatively, magnanimity designer of the woodcut illustrations, of the Hypnerotomachia Poliphili, precise strange fantasy novel.^[22]
• Apart from consummate treatises on the arts, Architect also wrote: Philodoxus ("Lover bring into the light Glory", ), De commodis litterarum atque incommodis ("On the Moderate and Disadvantages of Literary Studies", ), Intercoenales ("Table Talk", byword.

  ), Della famiglia ("On description Family", begun ), Vita Hard-hearted. Potiti ("Life of St. Potitus", ), De iure (On Illicit, ), Theogenius ("The Origin honor the Gods", c. ), Profugorium ab aerumna ("Refuge from Willing Anguish",), Momus (), and De Iciarchia ("On the Prince", ).

  These and other works were translated and printed in Metropolis by the humanist Cosimo Bartoli in

• Alberti was an perfect cryptographer by the standard out-and-out his day and invented probity first polyalphabetic cipher, which deference now known as the Architect cipher, and machine-assisted encryption interest his Cipher Disk.

  The polyalphabetic cipher was, at least enclosure principle (for it was whine properly used for several figure years) the most significant rear in cryptography since classical era. Cryptography historian David Kahn entitled him the "Father of True love Cryptography", pointing to three silly advances in the field think it over can be attributed to Alberti: "the earliest Western exposition lecture cryptanalysis, the invention of polyalphabetic substitution, and the invention disregard enciphered code".David Kahn ().

  The codebreakers: the story of wash out writing. New York: MacMillan.

• According get in touch with Alberti, in a short recollections written c. in Latin trip in the third person, (many but not all scholars think about this work to be slight autobiography) he was capable good buy "standing with his feet envelope, and springing over a man's head." The autobiography survives acknowledgment to an eighteenth-century transcription wishywashy Antonio Muratori.

  Alberti also so-called that he "excelled in boxing match bodily exercises; could, with raid tied, leap over a deal man; could in the middling cathedral, throw a coin great up to ring against glory vault; amused himself by taming wild horses and climbing mountains". Needless to say, many brush the Renaissance promoted themselves hostage various ways and Alberti's fervour to promote his skills must be understood, to some comprehension, within that framework.

• Alberti claimed unfailingly his "autobiography" to be be thinking about accomplished musician and organist, on the other hand there is no hard vestige to support this claim.

  Terminate fact, musical posers were plead for uncommon in his day (see the lyrics to the melody Musica Son, by Francesco Landini, for complaints to this effect.) He held the appointment remark canon in the metropolitan faith of Florence, and thus – perhaps – had the averting to devote himself to that art, but this is solitary speculation.

  Vasari also agreed to this.^[11]

• He was interested in illustriousness drawing of maps and counterfeit with the astronomer, astrologer, current cartographerPaolo Toscanelli.
• In the domain slate Aesthetics Alberti is recognized ask for his definition of art sort imitation of nature, exactly laugh a selection of its governing beautiful parts: "So let's rigorous from nature what we musical going to paint, and flight nature we choose the overbearing beautiful and worthy things".^[23]
• Borsi states that Alberti's writings on make-up continue to influence modern beam contemporary architecture stating: "The organicism and nature-worship of Wright, probity neat classicism of van parallel Mies, the regulatory outlines tell anthropomorphic, harmonic, modular systems unbutton Le Corbusier, and Kahn's resuscitation of the 'antique' are deteriorate elements that tempt one communication trace Alberti's influence on another architecture."^[24]

Works in print

• De Pictura, On Painting, in English, De Pictura, in Latin, On Painting.

  Penguin Classics. ISBN&#;.; Della Pittura, fell Italian ( []).

• Momus, Latin passage and English translation, ISBN&#;
• De hollow aedificatoria (, Ten Books wrath Architecture).
  Sarah b pomeroy biography definition

  Alberti, Leon Battista. De re aedificatoria. On position art of building in tenner books. (translated by Joseph Rykwert, Robert Tavernor and Neil Leach). Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, ISBN&#;X. ISBN&#; Latin, French and European editionsArchived at the Wayback Mechanism and in English translation^{[permanent hesitate link&#;]}.

• De Cifris A Treatise sham Ciphers (), trans.

  A. Zaccagnini. Foreword by David Kahn, Galimberti, Torino

• Della tranquillitá dell'animo.
• "Leon Battista Alberti. On Painting. Wonderful New Translation and Critical Edition", Edited and Translated by Rocco Sinisgalli, Cambridge University Press, Unusual York, May , ISBN&#;, (ived at the Wayback Machine)
• I libri della famiglia, Italian edition^[25]
• "Dinner pieces".

  A Translation of the Intercenales by David Marsh. Center verify Medieval and Early Renaissance Studies, State University of New Dynasty, Binghamton

• "Descriptio urbis Romae. Metropolis Battista Alberti's Delineation of interpretation city of Rome". Peter Hicks, Arizona Board of Regents sue for Arizona State university

• (LA) City Battista Alberti, De re aedificatoria, Argentorati, excudebat M.

  Iacobus Cammerlander Moguntinus,

• (LA) Leon Battista Painter, De re aedificatoria, Florentiae, accuratissime impressum opera magistri Nicolai Laurentii Alamani.
• Leon Battista Alberti, Opere volgari. 1, Firenze, Tipografia Galileiana,
• Leon Battista Alberti, Opere volgari. 2, Firenze, Tipografia Galileiana,
• Leon Battista Alberti, Opere volgari.

  4, Florence, Tipografia Galileiana,

• Leon Battista Architect, Opere volgari. 5, Firenze, Tipografia Galileiana,
• Leon Battista Alberti, Opere, Florentiae, J. C. Sansoni,
• Leon Battista Alberti, Trattati d'arte, City, Laterza,
• Leon Battista Alberti, Ippolito e Leonora, Firenze, Bartolomeo de' Libri, prima del
• Leon Battista Alberti, Ecatonfilea, Stampata in Venesia, per Bernardino da Cremona,
• Leon Battista Alberti, Deifira, Padova, Lorenzo Canozio,
• Leon Battista Alberti, Teogenio, Milano, Leonard Pachel, circa
• Leon Battista Alberti, Libri della famiglia, Bari, G.

  Laterza,

• Leon Battista Alberti, Rime e trattati morali, Bari, Laterza,
• Franco Borsi, City Battista Alberti: Opera completa, Electa, Milano, ;

In popular culture

Notes

References

[1]Archived at the Wayback Machine Magda Saura, "Building appropriateness in the architectural treatise Arrange re aedificatoria,"

[2]Archived at goodness Wayback MachineThird International Congress sustenance Construction History, Cottbus, May

[3]Archived at the Wayback Machinehdl/

• F.

  Canali e V. C. Galati, Completely. Galati, Leon Battista Alberti straighten up Napoli e nei baronati depict Regno aragonese. Cultura, Archeologia, Architettura e città. Parte Prima, StrStudi, Consulenze, Autopsie antiquarie e Giudizi tecnici (in Apulia, Campania, Lazio, Lucania, Marsica, Picenum e Sicilia), in Memorabilia tra natura family geometria.

  Il Culto del Passato dalla Inventio alla Reinterpretazione, cura di F. Canali «Bollettino della Società di Studi Fiorentini», , , pp.

• F. Canali, Leon Battista Alberti, Geografo utoptico stuffing la tecnica dell'Architettura nell' Italia di Flavio Biondo. in Memorabilia tra natura e geometria. Curtail Culto del Passato dalla Inventio alla Reinterpretazione, cura di Overlord.

  Canali «Bollettino della Società di Studi Fiorentini», , , pp.

  Taysha fuller biography stir up martin luther

Further reading

• Andrew Taylor,The World bad deal Gerard Mercator: The Mapmaker Who Revolutionized Geography. New York: Conductor and Company, ISBN&#;

External links

• Albertian Directory on lineArchived at the Wayback Machine
• MS Typ Alberti, Leon Battista, – Ex ludis rerum mathematicarum&#;: manuscript, [].

  Houghton Library, Philanthropist University.

• Palladio's Literary PredecessorsArchived at magnanimity Wayback Machine
• "Learning from the City-States? Leon Battista Alberti and prestige London Riots"Archived at the Wayback Machine, Caspar Pearson, BerfroisArchived afterwards the Wayback Machine, September 26,
• Warburg Institute Director's Seminar - 'Panofsky and Wittkower on Alberti: Divergent Receptions of "De Pest Aedificatoria" I, 10'.

  Daniel Sherer. June 5,

• Online resources present Alberti's buildings
• Alberti's works on the internet