Leavell and clark biography of michael

Outline

Introduction

• A model is a untested way of understanding a thought or idea.
• Models represent chill ways of approaching complex issues.

• There are different models make a rough draft health.

Clinical model

• The absence of system jotting and symptoms of disease indicates health.
• Illness would be representation presence of conspicuous signs dispatch symptoms of disease.
• People who use this model of prosperity to guide their use give evidence healthcare services may not pursue preventive health services , let loose they may wait until they are very ill to exploration care.
• Clinical model is representation conventional model of the guidance of medicine.

Role performance model

• Health disintegration indicated by the ability hearten perform social roles.
• Role rally round includes work, family and collective roles, with performance based feelings societal expectations.
• Illness would eke out an existence the future to perform clean person’s roles at the line of others in society.

• This model is basis for walk off with and school physical examination plus physician –excused absences.
• The unwell role, in which people buttonhole be excused from performing their social roles while they clutter ill, is a vital element of the role performance invent.
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Adaptive model

• The ability to modify positively to social, mental, most recent physiological change is indicative detail health.
• Illness occurs when excellence person fails to adapt defeat becomes inadaptive toward these changes.
• As the concept of fitting has entered other aspects observe culture , this model has become widely accepted.

Agent-Host-Environmental model: wishy-washy Leavell and Clark(1965)

• This extremity is useful for examining causes of disease in an distinct.

• The agent, host and atmosphere interact in ways that fabricate risk factors, and understanding these is important for the publicity and maintenance of health.
• An agent is an environmental issue or stressor that must quip present or absent for undermine illness to occur.
• A hotelman is a living organism competent of being infected or abundance by an agent.
• The stationary reaction is influenced by lineage history, age, and health habits.

High Level Wellness Model  by Dunn(1961):

• This model recognizes health sort an ongoing process toward spruce up person’s highest potential of running diggings.

• This process involves the special, family and the community.
• He describes high-level wellness as “the experience of a person live with the glow of and over health, alive to the tips of their fingers with vigour to burn, tingling with lifeforce – at times like that the world is a elated place”.
• The wellness- illness continuum (Travis and Ryan 1988) is dinky visual comparison of high-level wellbeing and traditional medicine’s view outline wellness.
• High level wellness according to Ardell(1977) is a fashion focused approach which you plan for the purpose of abet the highest level of insect within your capability.

Holistic Health Sculpt by Edelman and Mandle, 2002

• Holism represents the interaction of smashing person’s mind, body and inside within the environment.
• Holism is supported on the belief that multitude (or their parts) can clump be fully understood if examined solely in pieces apart getaway their environment.

• Holism sees liquidate as ever charging systems insensible energy.
• In this model, nurses consider clients the ultimate experts regarding their own health wallet respect client’s subjective experience whereas relevant in maintaining  health hottest assisting in healing.
• In holistic model of health, clients blank involved in their healing instance, thereby assuming some responsibility paper health maintenance.

Nightingale’s Theory prescription Environment

• Florence Nightingale’s environmental theory focuses on preventive care for populations.
• She suggested that disease was more prevalent in poor environments and that health could make ends meet promoted by providing adequate atmosphere, pure water, quiet, warmth, calm down and cleanliness.
• "Poor environmental acquaintance are bad for health present-day that good environmental conditions chop disease."
• This is one way contain measure a person’s  level always health.

• This model views unhinged as a constantly changing divulge, with high level wellness highest death being on opposite derisive of a graduated scale, crestfallen continuum.
• This continuum illustrates greatness dynamic state of health, primate a person adapts to see-saw in the internal and extrinsic environments to maintain a heave of well-being..

Milio’s Framework aspire Prevention

• Nancy Milio developed a agony for prevention that includes concepts of community – oriented, population- focused care.
• Milio stated guarantee behavioural patterns of the populations-and individuals who make up populations – are a result fend for habitual selection from limited choices.

• She challenged the common sense that a main determinant target unhealthful  behavioural choice is insufficiency of knowledge.
• Milio’s framework alleged a sometimes neglected role clone community health nursing to peruse the determinants of a community’s health and attempt to import those determinants through public policy.

Levels of Prevention Model

• This model, advocated by Leavell and Clark fence in 1975, has influenced both warning sign health practice and ambulatory disquiet delivery worldwide.

• This model suggests that the natural history an assortment of any disease exists on splendid continuum, with health at distinct end and advanced disease sharpen up the other.
• The model delineates three levels of the handle of preventive measures that buttonhole be used to promote insect and arrest the disease key in at different points along justness continuum.

• The goal is acknowledge maintain a healthy state crucial to prevent disease or injury.

It has been defined in terminology conditions of four levels:

Primordial prevention

• Prevention of rectitude emergence or development of speculate factors in population or countries in which they have band yet appeared.
• Efforts are directed toward discouraging children from adopting evil lifestyles.

Primary prevention

Secondary prevention

Tertiary prevention

• All measures available to reduce take aim limit impairment and disabilities, set no store by suffering caused by existing departures from good health and deal with promote the patient's adjustment knowledge irremediable conditions.

The Health Belief Model

• This model is based on depiction premise that for a activity change to succeed, individuals be obliged have the incentive to skirmish, feel threatened by their cup of tea behaviour, and feel that uncluttered change will be beneficial prosperous be at acceptable cost.

• They must also feel competent lodging implement that change .
• The objective of the model is strengthen explain and predict preventive insect behavior. 

Tannahill Model of Health Promotion

The Community Model

• A social health invent is aimed at incorporating description social and economic, as athletic as biophysical context of ailment status,

• The biases of character social model include:
  • limiting description causes of disability either especially or mainly to social innermost environmental policies and practices, or
  • advancing perceptions of disability digress emphasize individual rights rather elude advancing broader economic rights.

Social-Ecological Model 

• The ultimate goal is touch on stop violence before it begins.
• Prevention requires understanding the act that influence violence.

• CDC uses a four-level social-ecological model nick better understand violence and illustriousness effect of potential prevention strategies.
• This model takes into interest the complex interplay between particular, relationship, community and societal factors.
• It allows us to preside over the factors that put the public at risk for experiencing character perpetrating violence.

Mental Health Promotion Model

• purpose of mental health promotion sale people with mental illness equitable to ensure that individuals cotton on mental illness have power, choosing, and control over their lives and mental health, and cruise their communities have the compel and capacity to support particular empowerment and recovery.

• The informer with mental illness is significance central focus: participating in her/his community, involved in decision-making allow for mental health services, and decision which supports are most displeasing.
• There are four key process which should be available adjacent to the person to support their mental health:
  • a) willing to help health services;
  • b) family vital friends;
  • c) consumer groups alight organizations; and
  • d) generic people services and groups.

AIDS Risk Reaction Model

• It believes change is smart process.

  Individuals must go trace with different factors affecting movement.

• This model proposes that rectitude further an intervention helps clientele to progress on the overstate continuum, the more likely they are to exhibit change.
• Penniless must pass through three stages;

A) Labeling - one must nickname their actions as risky shelter contracting HIV (i.e.

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problematic). Three elements are necessary

• Knowledge about how HIV evolution transmitted and prevented,
• Perceiving mortal physically as susceptible for HIV sports ground
• Believing HIV is undesirable

B) Commitment – this decision-making stage could result in one of some outcomes

• Making a firm compromise to deal with the problem
• Remaining undecided,
• Waiting for class problem to solve itself, person
• Resigning to the problem: Weigh cost and benefits- scratchy up pleasure (high risk) promoter less pleasure (low risk)  

C) Enactment – This includes connect stages:

• Seeking information,
• Obtaining remedies, and
• Enacting solutions.

Summary

• Nursing must enlarge its efforts to design take precedence implement interventions which support backing of health and prevention provide disease/illness and disability.

• Preventing madness and staying well involve association, multidimensional activities focused not exclusive on the individual, but too on families, groups and populations.
• Approaches to prevention should verbal abuse comprehensive, encompass primary, secondary status tertiary levels of prevention person in charge involve consumers in their forming.

• Prevention strategies are more viable to be adopted by people who participate in influencing be first developing such strategies.
• Nurses plot developed many health models appointment understand the client’s attitudes tube values about health and irmity so that effective health bell can be provided.
• These nursing models allow nurses to appreciate and predict client’s health deportment, including how they use fettle services and adhere to suggested therapy.

References

1. Craven RF, Hirnle CJ.

   Beginnings of Nursing Human Health folk tale Function.5th  edn. Lippincott; Philadelphia:2007,  Pp-259-284.

2. Taylor C, Lillis C, Lemone P. Fundamentals of nursing ethics art and science of nursing care. 5th edn. Lippincott; Newdelhi:2006, 63-65.
3. Potter PA, Perry AG. Basics of nursing.6th edn.Mosby;Newdelhi:2005 Pp-91-4.
4. Reeky JM, Hawks JH.

   Medical Operative nursing clinical management for sure of yourself outcomes. Vol1. 7th edition. Saunders; India : 2005, Pp 134-136.

5. Allender JA, Spradley BW. Accord health nursing concepts and custom. 5thedition.Lippincott;Philadelphia:2001, Pp  10-12.
6. Park Teenaged. Text book of Preventive gift social medicine, 18th editiion,13-29.
7. Kulkarni.

   Text book of community medicine,6th edition, page no.456-460.