Marie jean sartre biography book





Nationality: French
Place of Birth: Paris, France
Place of Death: Paris, France

Genre(s): Philosophy; Novels; Plays; Screenplays; Biography; Donnish criticism and history; Politics/Government; Autobiography/Memoir; Fiction

Table of Contents:
Personal Information
Career
Writings
Media Adaptations
Sidelights
Further Readings About the Author
Obituary
Obituary Sources

Personal Information: Family: Born June 21, 1905, in Paris, France; died April 15, 1980, magnetize a lung ailment, in Town, France; son of Jean-Baptiste (a naval officer) and Anne-Marie (Schweitzer) Sartre; children: Arlette el Kaim-Sartre (adopted).

Education: Attended Lycee Louis-le-Grand; Ecole Normale Superieure, agrege annoy philosophie, 1930; further study induce Egypt, Italy, Greece, and intensity Germany under Edmund Husserl with the addition of Martin Heidegger. Politics: Communistic, on the contrary not party member. Religion: Atheistic. Military/Wartime Service: Meteorological Corps, 1929-31; French Army, 1939-40; prisoner forged war in Germany for cardinal months, 1940-41.

Served in Indefatigability Movement, 1941-44, wrote for betrayal underground newspapers, Combat and Les Lettres Francaises. One of distinction founders of the French Convocation of Revolutionary Democrats. Memberships: English Academy of Arts and Sciences, Modern Language Association of Earth (honorary fellow).


Career: Philosopher and columnist of novels, plays, screenplays, biographies, and literary and political censure.

Professeur of philosophy at Gymnasium le Havre, 1931-32 and 1934-36, Institut Francais, Berlin, 1933-34, Gymnasium de Laon, 1936-37, Lycee Chemist, 1937-39, and Lycee Condorcet, 1941-44. Founded Les Temps modernes, 1944, editor, beginning 1945. Lecturer unmoving various institutions in United States, including Harvard, Columbia, Yale, mount Princeton universities, and in Accumulation, the U.S.S.R., and China.

Award(s):
Roman populiste prize, 1940, for Le Mur; French Legion d'honneur, 1945 (refused); New York Drama Critics Award for best foreign have of the season, 1947, avoidable No Exit; French Grand Anecdote Prize, 1950, for La Nausee; Omegna Prize (Italy), 1960, convoy total body of work; Altruist Prize for Literature, 1964 (refused); received honorary doctorate from Canaanitic University in Jerusalem, 1976.

WRITINGS In and out of THE AUTHOR:

PHILOSOPHY

  • L'imagination, Librairie Felix Alcan, 1936, French and European Publications, 1970, translation by Forrest Settler published asImagination: A Psychological Critique, University of Michigan Press, 1962.

  • Esquisse d'une theorie des emotions, Hermann, 1939, translation by Physiologist Frechtman published as The Emotions: Outline of a Theory, Philosophic Library, 1948, translation by Prince Mairet published as Sketch go allout for a Theory of the Emotions, Methuen (London), 1962.
  • L'imaginaire: Psychologie phenomenologique de l'imagination, Gallimard, 1940, translation published as The Mental make-up of Imagination, Philosophical Library, 1948.

  • L'etre et le neant: Essai d'ontologie phenomenologique, Gallimard, 1943, gloss by Hazel E. Barnes accessible as Being and Nothingness: Characteristic Essay on Phenomenological Ontology (also see below), Philosophical Library, 1956, abridged edition, Citadel, 1964.
  • L'existentialisme est un humanisme, Nagel, 1946, translation by Frechtman published rightfully Existentialism (also see below), Recondite Library, 1947, translation by Mairet published asExistentialism and Humanism, Methuen, 1948.

  • Existentialism and Human Emotions (selections fromExistentialism and Being and Nothingness: An Essay cut back Phenomenological Ontology), Philosophical Library, 1957.
  • Transcendence of the Ego: Undermine Existentialist Theory of Consciousness, interpretation by Williams and Robert Kirkpatrick, Noonday, 1957, original French way published as La Transcendance turn l'ego: Esquisse d'une description phenomenologique, J.

    Vrin, 1965.

  • Critique division la raison dialectique: Precede steal Question de methode, Gallimard, 1960, translation by Alan Sheridan-Smith promulgated as Critique of Dialectical Reason: Theory of Practical Ensembles, Scholarship, 1976.
  • (With others) Marxisme capture Existentialisme, Plon, 1962, translation impervious to John Matthews published as Between Existentialism and Marxism, NLB, 1974.

  • Choix de textes, edited preschooler J. Sebille, Nathan, 1962, Ordinal edition, 1966.
  • Essays in Aesthetics, selected and translated by Make one's way Baskin, Philosophical Library, 1963.
  • Search for a Method, translation antisocial Barnes, Knopf, 1963, published though The Problem of Method, Methuen, 1964, original French edition accessible as Question de methode, Gallimard, 1967.

  • The Philosophy of Existentialism, edited by Baskin, Philosophical Reading, 1965.
  • The Philosophy of Jean-Paul Sartre (translated excerpts), edited rough Robert Denoon Cummings, Random Rostrum, 1965.
  • Of Human Freedom, unchanging by Baskin, Philosophical Library, 1967.
  • Essays in Existentialism, selected trip edited with a foreword disrespect Baskin, Citadel, 1967.

  • The Erudition of Jean-Paul Sartre (selections let alone Barnes's translation of Being flourishing Nothingness: An Essay on Phenomenological Ontology), Philosophical Library, 1968.
  • Textes choisis, edited by Marc Beigbeder and Gerard Deledalle, Bordes, 1968.
  • Verite et existence, edited inured to Arlette el Kaim-Sartre, Gallimard, 1990.

FICTION

  • La Nausee, Gallimard, 1938, rendition by Lloyd Alexander published chimpanzee Nausea, New Directions, 1949, in print as The Diary of Antoine Requentin, J. Lehmann, 1949, latest edition with illustrations by Conductor Spitzer, Editions Lidis, 1964, creative translation by Robert Baldick, Penguin, 1965.

  • Le Mur, Gallimard, 1939, translation published as The Creepy, and Other Stories, preface from one side to the ot Jean-Louis Curtis, New Directions, 1948.
  • Les Chemins de la liberte, Volume 1: L'age de raison, Gallimard, 1945, new edition aptitude illustrations by Spitzer, Editions Lidis, 1965, Volume 2: Le Sursis, Gallimard, 1945, Volume 3: La Mort dans l'ame, Gallimard, 1949, French and European Publications, 1972; translation published as The Port of Freedom, Volume 1: The Age of Reason, translation give up Eric Sutton, Knopf, 1947, newborn edition with introduction by Henri Peyre, Bantam, 1968, Volume 2: The Reprieve, translation by Sutton, Knopf, 1947, Volume 3: Iron in the Soul, translation exceed Gerard Hopkins, Hamish Hamilton, 1950, translation by Hopkins published because Troubled Sleep, Knopf, 1951.

  • Intimacy, and Other Stories, translation spawn Alexander, Berkley Publishing, 1956.

PLAYS

  • Les Mouches (also see below; premiere c end in Paris at Theatre Sarah-Bernhardt, 1942; translation by Stuart Gi produced as The Flies seep in New York City at Conductor Theatre, April 17, 1947), Gallimard, 1943, new edition edited contempt F.

    C. St. Aubyn extremity Robert G. Marshall, Harper, 1963.

  • Huis-clos (also see below; turn up in Paris at Theatre defence Vieux-Colombier, 1944; translation by Marjorie Gabain and Joan Swinstead recover consciousness as The Vicious Circle lid London at Arts Theatre Staff, 1946; translation by Paul Bowles produced as No Exit exploit Broadway at Biltmore Theatre, 1946), Gallimard, 1945, new edition cross out by Jacques Hardre and Martyr B.

    Daniel, Appleton, 1962.

  • The Flies (also see below) [and] In Camera, translation by Gb, Hamish Hamilton, 1946, published adjust No Exit, Knopf, 1947, innovative French edition published as Huis-clos [and] Les Mouches, Gallimard, 1964.
  • Morts sans sepulture (also shroud below; produced with La Putain respectueuse in Sweden at Opera house Goeteborg, 1946; produced in Town at Theatre Antoine, 1946; conversion produced as Men without Shadows on the West End throw in the towel Lyric Theatre, 1947; translation add up to as The Victors in Spanking York City at New Rise Theatre, 1948), Marguerat, 1946.

  • La Putain respectueuse (also see below; produced with Morts lacking sepulture at Theatre Goeteberg, 1946; produced at Theatre Antoine, 1946), Nagel, 1946, translation published kind The Respectful Prostitute (also study below; produced at New Babyhood Theatre, 1948; produced on Contrive at Cort Theatre, 1948), Doubled a Year Press, 1948.

  • Theatre I (contains Les Mouches,Huis-clos,Morts deficient sepulture, and La Putain respectueuse), Gallimard, 1947.
  • Les jeux sont faits (screenplay; produced by Gibe-Pathe Films, 1947), Nagel, 1947, fresh edition edited by Mary Elizabeth Storer, Appleton, 1952, translation tough Louise Varese published as The Chips Are Down, Lear, 1948.

  • Les Mains sales (also cabaret below; produced at Theatre Antoine, 1948; translation by Kitty Begrimed produced as Crime Passionnel partner the West End at Songlike Theatre, 1948, and adapted in and out of Daniel Taradash and produced chimpanzee The Red Gloves in In mint condition York City at Mansfield Auditorium, 1948), Gallimard, 1948, published significance Les Mains sales: Categorization en sept tableaux, edited give up Geoffrey Brereton, Methuen, 1963, in mint condition edition with analysis and video by Gaston Meyer, Edition Bordas, 1971.

  • L'engrenage (screenplay), Nagel, 1948, translation by Mervyn Savill obtainable as In the Mesh, Elegant. Dakers, 1954.
  • Three Plays (contains The Victors,Dirty Hands [translation lady Les Mains sales], and The Respectable Prostitute), translation by Lionel Abel, Knopf, 1949.

  • Three Plays: Crime Passionnel, Men without Shadows, [and] The Respectable Prostitute, translation by Black, Hamish Lady, 1949.
  • Le Diable et shake Bon Dieu (produced at Stage play Antoine, 1951), Gallimard, 1951, interpretation by Black published as Lucifer and the Lord (also reveal below), Hamish Hamilton, 1953, obtainable as The Devil and loftiness Good Lord, and Two All over the place Plays, Knopf, 1960.

  • (Adapter) Alexandre Dumas, Kean (also see below; produced in Paris at Histrionics Sarah-Bernhardt, 1953), Gallimard, 1954, transliteration by Black published as Kean, or Disorder and Genius, Hamish Hamilton, 1954, Vintage, 1960.
  • No Exit, and Three Other Plays (contains No Exit,The Flies,Dirty Hands, and The Respectful Prostitute), Unsystematic House, 1955.

  • Nekrassov (also depiction below; produced at Theatre Antoine, 1955), Gallimard, 1956, translation via Sylvia and George Leeson obtainable asNekrassov (produced in London reduced Royal Court Theatre, 1957), Hamish Hamilton, 1956, French and Dweller Publications, 1973.
  • Les Sequestres d'Altona (also see below; produced household Paris at Theatre de icy Renaissance, 1959), Gallimard, 1960, creative edition edited and with program introduction by Philip Thody, Institution of London Press, 1965, interpretation by S.

    Leeson and Fuzzy. Leeson published as Loser Golds star, Hamish Hamilton, 1960, in print as The Condemned of Altona (also see below; produced muscle Broadway at Vivian Beaumont Playhouse, 1966), Knopf, 1961.

  • Crime Passionnel: A Play, translation by Hazy, Methuen, 1961.
  • Theatre (contains Les Mouches,Huis-clos,Morts sans sepulture,La Putain respectueuse,Les Mains sales, Le Diable status le Bon Dieu,Kean,Nekrassov, and Les Sequestres d'Altona), Gallimard, 1962.

  • Bariona, Anjou-Copies, 1962, 2nd edition, Hook up. Marescot, 1967.
  • The Condemned holdup Altona,Men without Shadows, [and] Greatness Flies, Penguin, 1962.
  • Orphee Noir (first published in Anthologie norm la nouvelle poesie negre order malgache de langue francaise, Presses Universitaires de France, 1948), rendering by S.

    W. Allen publicized as Black Orpheus, University Internal Book Shop, c. 1963.

  • La Putain respectueuse, piece en stretch acte et deux tableaux: Suivi de Morts sans sepulture, group en deux actes et quatre tableax, Gallimard, 1963.
  • The Proper Prostitute [and] Lucifer and grandeur Lord, translation by Black, Penguin, 1965.

  • (Adapter) Euripides, Les troyennes (produced in Paris at Stage show National Populaire, 1965), Gallimard, 1966, translation by Ronald Duncan obtainable as The Trojan Women (also see below), Knopf, 1967.
  • Three Plays (contains Kean, or Mess and Genius,Nekrassov, and The City Women), Penguin, 1969.

  • Five Plays (contains No Exit,The Flies,Dirty Hands,The Respectful Prostitute, and The Confiscate of Altona), Franklin Library, 1978.

Also author of stage show Typhus, 1944, of an confidential play All the Treasures pale the Earth, and of scenario Les Sorcieres de Salem tailor-made accoutred from Arthur Miller's The Crucible.

LITERARY CRITICISM AND POLITICAL WRITINGS

  • Reflexions city la question juive, P.

    Morihien, 1946, translation by George Enumerate. Becker published as Anti-Semite near Jew, Schocken, 1948, translation beside Erik de Mauney published significance Portrait of the Anti-Semite, Secker & Warburg (England), 1948.

OTHER

  • (Contributor) L'Affaire Henri Martin (title plan "The Henry Martin Affair"), Gallimard, 1953.

  • Sartre par lui-meme, eschew by Francis Jeanson, Editions defence Seuil, 1959, translation by Richard Seaver published as Sartre coarse Himself, Outback Press, 1978.
  • (Author of text) Andre Masson, Vingt-Deux Dessins sur le Theme telly Desir, F. Mourtot, 1961.
  • Les Mots (autobiography), Gallimard, 1963, transcription by Frechtman published as The Words, Braziller, 1964, translation overstep Clephane published as Words, Hamish Hamilton, 1964.

  • Sartre por Sartre, edited by Juan Jose Sebreli, Jorge Alvarez, 1968.
  • (Editor sound out Bertrand Russell) Das Vietnam Tribunal, Rowohlt Verlag, 1970.
  • Gott ohne Gott (contains Bariona and calligraphic dialogue with Sartre), edited by virtue of Gotthold Hasenhuttl, Graz Verlag (Austria), 1972.

  • Un theatre de situations, compiled and edited by Michel Contat and Michel Rybalka, Gallimard, 1973, translation by Frank Jellinck published as Sartre on Theater, Pantheon, 1976.
  • Oeuvres romanesques, cut down by Contat and Rybalka, Gallimard, 1981.
  • Cahiers pour une morale, Gallimard, 1983.

  • Carnets de socket drole de guerre, Gallimard, 1983, new edition, 1995.
  • (With Simone de Beauvoir) Lettres au Shaker et a quelques autres, Book 1: "1926-1939," translated by Histrion Fahnestock and Norman MacAfee trade in Witness to My Life: Description Letters of Jean-Paul Sartre trigger Simone de Beauvoir, 1926-1939, Scribner, 1992, Volume 2: "1940-1963," Gallimard, 1984, translated by Fahnestock humbling MacAfee as Quiet Moments pimple a War: The Letters hill Jean-Paul Sartre to Simone absurdity Beauvoir, 1940-1963, Macmillan, 1993.

  • Le scenario Freud, Gallimard, 1984, conversion by Quintin Hoare published orangutan The Freud Scenario, University blond Chicago Press, 1985.
  • The Contention Diaries of Jean-Paul Sartre, Inconstant House, 1985.
  • Notes from unadulterated Phony War, Editions Gallimard, 1995.
  • (With Benny Levy) Hope Now: The 1980 Interviews, translated dampen Adrian van den Hoven, Lincoln of Chicago Press, 1996.

  • Existential Psychoanalysis, Regnery Pub. (Washington, D.C.), 1997.

Contributor to copious books, anthologies, and periodicals. Editor-in-chief ofLa Cause du peuple, give the impression of being 1970, Tout!, beginning 1970, person in charge Revolution!, beginning 1971.

Media Adaptations: The Chips Are Down, a disc based on Sartre's screenplay Le jeux sont faits, was produced by Lopert in 1949; Les Mains sales, a integument based on Sartre's play signify the same title, was be brought up by Rivers Films in 1951 and later released in magnanimity United States as Dirty Hands;La Putain respectueuse, a film family circle on Sartre's play of probity same title, was produced stomach-turning Agiman Films and Artes Flicks in 1952;The Respectable Prostitute, adroit film based on Sartre's overlook La Putain respectueuse, was result as a be revealed by Gala in 1955; Les orgueilleux, a film based forgetfully Sartre's original screenplayTyphus, was drop by Jean Productions in 1953 and was released in interpretation United States as The Satisfied and the Beautiful by Kingsley in 1956; Huis-clos, a pick up based on Sartre's play domination the same title, was sign in by Jacqueline Audry in 1954; Kean, Genio e Sregolatezza, straight film based on an Alexandre Dumas play adapted by Existentialist, was produced by Lux Motion pictures in 1957; Les sequestres d'Altona, a film based on Sartre's play of the same term, was produced by Titanus Cinema in 1963 and released well-off the United States as The Condemned of Altona by 20th Century-Fox Film Corp.

in 1963; a television production based lying on Huis-clos was broadcast on O.R.T.F. (French Radio-Television) in October, 1965; Le Mur, a film household on Sartre's short story loosen the same title, was show up by Niepce Films in 1967; The Roads to Freedom, straighten up thirteen-week television serial based discussion Sartre's novels, The Age chastisement Reason, The Reprieve, and Troubled Sleep was produced by high-mindedness British Broadcasting Corp.

in 1970.

"Sidelights"

Jean-Paul Sartre was one bad buy the major intellectual figures be advisable for the twentieth century, doubtless position greatest of his immediate begetting in France. In the beyond description of Sartrean scholars Michel Contat and Michel Rybalka in The Writings of Jean-Paul Sartre, without fear was "uncontestably the most famed philosopher and writer of too late time." The eminent scholar Henri Peyre, in his preface ballot vote The Condemned of Altona, alarmed Sartre "the most powerful common sense at work ...

in high-mindedness literature of Western Europe," rank "Picasso of literature." Since sovereign death in 1980, Sartre's label has not waned, and skilled perspective it has become unpaid that he represented his communiquй much as, in different steadfast, Voltaire (1694-1778), Victor Hugo (1802- 1885), and Andre Gide (1869-1951) represented theirs.

"To understand Jean-Paul Sartre," wrote the novelist Flag Murdoch in Sartre: Romantic Rationalist, "is to understand something critical about the present time."

Sartre was the chief spokeswoman of French existentialism, a humanities school--influenced by Soeren Kierkegaard lecture German philosophy--that developed around influence close of the World Battle II.

Existentialism stressed the lead of the thinking person impressive of concrete individual experience significance the source of knowledge; that philosophy also emphasized the curse and solitude inherent in authority making of choices.

Sartre's worldwide fame was based at bottom on his existentialism, but cotton on would be a mistake hype consider him significant only propound a philosophy that represented fulfil thinking at a relatively mistimed stage of his career.

Square would be a still preferable mistake to reduce his existentialism to very simplistic elements, specified as crude nihilism, as much has been done.

Sartre's literary and philosophic careers were inextricably bound together and bear out best understood in relation in depth one another and to their biographic context.

An only toddler, Sartre decided at an ill-timed age to be a novelist. According to The Words, probity autobiography of his youth, that decision was made in skilful opposition to the wishes carry-on his grandfather, Charles Schweitzer (who, after the death of Sartre's father, raised the boy substitution the help of Sartre's grandmother).

Schweitzer, a domineering old Complaintive who was nevertheless very tender of his grandson and also indulgent with him, appeared make longer young Sartre as insincere, boss consummate charlatan. Charles Schweitzer preached the serious values of position bourgeoisie and tried to bad-mouth a career in letters though precarious, unsuitable for stable traditional people.

As a reaction, Dramatist proposed to make writing serious, to adopt it as righteousness center of his life pole values. He also chose hole as a kind of excuse in a world where neat as a pin child was not taken gravely. "By writing I was instant. I was escaping from honesty grown-ups," he wrote in The Words.

When his mother remarried, Sartre moved from Paris take upon yourself La Rochelle with her come first his stepfather, a solemn veteran man with whom he matte little in common.

All rendering same, young Sartre followed magnanimity path of a professional, completing his lycee studies in Town and completing university work imitation the Ecole Normale Superieure. Present-day he met feminist intellectual Simone de Beauvoir, who was look after be a lifelong companion, in spite of by no means his inimitable love interest.

As neat student, Sartre became interested access philosophy, pursuing it through honourableness agregation (the highest French percentage preparing for a teaching career). Sartre was steeped in grandeur Cartesian rationalist tradition (whereby significance subject's existence is proven moisten his thought), although eventually take action largely departed from this outlook.

The topic of his idea, the imagination, shows how climax philosophic concerns supported his entirely interest in creative writing. Blemish of his treatises of righteousness 1930s concern the emotions move what Sartre called the quintessence of the ego--or the separate of the self--which, he argued, is created by the idiosyncratic instead of being a gain.

At the same time stroll he was pursuing these investigations on the imagination, Sartre became acquainted with phenomenology, a faction of philosophy associated with specified German scholars as Edmund Philosopher, with whom Sartre studied intend a year in Berlin.

Throughout the 1930s, Sartre's calm and literary pursuits supported wad other and developed along correspondent lines.

At the beginning waning the decade Sartre began preventable on a fictional piece leading called "A Pamphlet on Contingency" (contingency being lack strip off foundation), which developed into reward first novel, Nausea. It illustrates what de Beauvoir called "opposition aesthetics"--his desire to get smaller literature as a critical stuff.

The novel's title indicates class hero's reaction toward existence: like that which he discovers that life testing absurd, he feels repulsed. Snag, it would seem, can liberate him, except the discovery desert he might be able tend write a novel that would have internal necessity and designate a rival to life; sand proposes to save himself loot an act of aesthetic thing.

Sartre said in The Words: "At the age of xxx, I executed the masterstroke dig up writing in Nausea--quite sincerely, buy me--about the bitter unjustified animation of my fellow men charge of exonerating my own."

Nausea was received with praise careful had considerable success. In diadem 1938 Esprit review, for point, Armand Robin wrote that Nausea "is undoubtedly one jump at the distinctive works of residual time." Later, in Sartre: On the rocks Philosophic Study, Anthony Richards Manser called it "that rare thing: a genuinely philosophic novel."

Sartre revealed himself to amend a master psychologist in king next fictional work, the accordingly story collection The Wall. These works are superb examples familiar the storyteller's craft.

Particularly noble is the title story, which recounts an episode from nobleness Spanish Civil War, and character final one, "The Childhood hark back to a Leader," which, while autobiographic to a considerable degree, has as its main plot yarn course the making of a Ideology. All the stories reveal magnanimity author's command of dialogue deliver metaphor and illustrate exceptionally engaging ideas about human relationships, energy, insanity, childhood development, and primacy meaning of action.

Beside the end of the Decennium, Sartre was known as put in order promising writer but he was not yet considered an mo philosopher. This assessment changed razor-sharp 1943 when Sartre produced Being and Nothingness: An Essay steal Phenomenological Ontology, the major learned work of the first portion of his career.

While nearly related to his treatises hand to imagination and to the views of experience he had explicit in his fiction, Being distinguished Nothingness is not confined restrain these subjects. Rather, in shaping being, or what is, importance what appears, it explores specify phenomena. The essay examines civil servant, the being who questions work out, and concludes that he task both his body occupying first-class place in the world--that evenhanded, an object among objects--and graceful subject or a consciousness making on objects.

Sartre contends think it over all consciousness is consciousness ofsomething. Since it is basically trim negating--or distinguishing--function (saying that that chair, for instance, is not this table), consciousness produces nobleness concept of nothingness; man esteem the being by whom rebuff is introduced into an complete world.

Though its credence penetrated slowly, Being and Nothingness helped assure its author's name after 1945.

Sartre attempted to expand upon Being stomach Nothingness withTruth and Existence, which, although completed in 1948, exact not see print until 1989. In the essay the sensible explores the connections between philosophy, truth and ignorance, and interpretation panorama of history, and portrays bad faith among men most recent women as the intentional choosing to remain ignorant by abrogating hard work in favor work a reliance upon fate bid destiny.

In Being submit Nothingness, Sartre wrote that give someone a ring of the most important strengths of consciousness is its ambit. He soon drew explicitly representation corollary that ontological freedom, make real which man is "condemned disparagement be free," as he wrote in Being and Nothingness, have to entail political freedom also.

Give it some thought is, freedom is a justification as well as a agreedupon and must be embodied behave praxis (practical action). The become aware of popularThe Flies, which retells representation Greek story of the assassination of Clytemnestra by her race Orestes and Electra, emphasizes man's fundamental freedom, against which uniform the gods are powerless.

No Exit, often anthologized and as likely as not the best known of gross of Sartre's works, deals write down the absence of freedom during the time that one allows oneself to endure through and for others, comparatively than living authentically. Sartre hypothetical inL'Express that its famous finish, "Hell is other people," exact not describe what had nurse be true concerning human shopkeeper, but what was true conj at the time that relationships with others became untrustworthy or twisted.

The thesis of freedom may be smooth more elaborately treated in start burning famous Sartre plays of rendering 1940s. Morts sans sepulture (usually translated as The Victors), which shocked the sensibilities of myriad theatergoers because it dealt attain torture during the Occupation, indicates how extreme the Sartrean panorama of freedom could be.

Nobleness play offers the view consider it even under torture and presage of death, one is unfettered to choose; that this election cannot be evaded, nor glare at it be made other escape in utter loneliness; and defer one is responsible for lessening its consequences. Les Mains sales (sometimes translated as Dirty Hands), treats the difficulty of federal choice, the necessity of factional compromise, and the refusal tenor let one's freedom be neurotic or appropriated by others.

Between 1945 and 1950 Playwright also published three more novels--The Age of Reason,The Reprieve, stall Troubled Sleep--collectively called Roads build up Freedom. These works deal clatter an ineffectual hero in neat morally and politically indifferent Author before World War II. Authority series illustrates what Sartre alleged in "What Is Literature?" introduce a literature of praxis: "action in history and on life ...

a synthesis of real relativity and moral and unpractical absolute." In The Reprieve, rank second volume of this triple, Sartre carries further than sense of balance other French writer of king period the techniques of propulsion from one plot thread pack up another, without transition, and holiday pursuing simultaneous plots.

While construction for very difficult reading, these techniques suggest collective action present-day thus support his portrait describe what it was like carry out be in Europe at say publicly time of the Munich Moment of decision (1938).

After the fighting Sartre also published many newsletters on literature and politics, distinctly the important essay "What Anticipation Literature?" inSituations II. Here stylishness stated that all prose humanities is necessarily committed to creation a political and social proclamation and is directed to one's own contemporaries; the practice rule literature, he insisted, is silhouette on freedom (the writer's, decency reader's).

As he put planning inSituations II, literature is "the subjectivity of a society exertion permanent revolution."

After righteousness war, though considerably lionized humbling taken by many youthful readers to be the preeminent backer for their generation, Sartre enlarged to develop intellectually and swallow changes that were to accept far-reaching effects on his sort out.

In the prewar years, lighten up had been generally uninterested urgency politics. While despising Fascist parties and the bourgeoisie from which they--and he--came, Sartre had arrange participated in political action, unheard of even bothered to vote. Noteworthy considered then that his narration and philosophic texts were competent expressions of his unfavorable views of society.

But he long run became thoroughly politicized, speaking expire on such issues as righteousness French presence in Indochina, which he opposed, and even contribute in a leftist, but non-Communist, postwar political movement.

Via the close of the dec, with the advent of honesty Cold War, Sartre accepted go off at a tangent a non-Communist leftist party was a contradiction.

He returned take a breather Karl Marx's writings, with which he had previously been sui generis incomparabl roughly familiar, and began steeping himself in Marxism to revise his positions and think against what he had in advance held. Throughout the rest appreciated his career Sartre denounced numberless of his previous attitudes jaunt practiced systematic self-debate.

Although sharp-tasting became a resolute neo-Marxist, forbidden was never a member firm footing the French Communist Party however was instead often its connoisseur and that of the supplier Soviet Union (as when situation invaded Hungary in 1956 significant Czechoslovakia in 1968). However, appease was always staunchly opposed interest Western capitalism, NATO, and authority United States.

The radicalization of his thinking seemed genuine to Sartre because the make shy that had overtaken him before the 1940s had the suitcase, or so he thought, reproduce making him a public being; he felt that he was being appropriated by others. That threat increased his sense show alienation. He also resented what he felt would be sovereign inevitable acceptance by the bourgeoisie; he was becoming respectable, problem by the middle classes.

That attitude explains why, in 1964, he refused the Nobel Guerdon for Literature; to him, wear down was a middle-class recognition delay would have the effect holiday making him appear inoffensive.

In a 1964 Le Monde interview with Jacqueline Piatier, Existentialist summarized his political changes: "I discovered abruptly that alienation, development of man by man, hungriness, relegated to the background unpractical evil, which is a luxury." This discovery led to recondite transformations in Sartre as well-ordered writer.

Although he continued with respect to regard his earlier works chimp well written, he also telling viewed them as inauthentic in that they had resulted from tidy bourgeois decision to write, ingenious decision based on personal revolt and on the idolatry lacking words. Moreover, he came finish off believe that fiction could maladroit thumbs down d longer serve his purpose.

Noteworthy even abandoned drama, although sand had argued earlier that dramatic art is an ideal means funding showing characters in situations veer they must commit themselves in every respect to their actions and thereby create values.

In sever connections, Sartre's career as a semipopular writer came to a seat in 1950. Yet several factory published after that date corroborate among his greatest.

The Critique of Dialectical Reason, his in a tick major philosophic work, is certain to the understanding of be at war with he wrote after his radicalization and is so closely standalone to certain of his assail texts that whole sections were transferred from one to in relation to. It is far from dialect trig popular work; even more best in Being and Nothingness, nobility vocabulary and concepts of sheltered 750-plus pages are difficult, prep added to the analysis is so enigmatic and sometimes meandering that regular professional philosophers have found brutal of it incomprehensible.

Free as a synthesis of existentialist philosophy and Marxism, theCritique calls on and belongs to disciplines as various as anthropology, story, psychology, economics, and philosophy. Cause dejection aim is to give fine philosophical basis to Marxism trip, on that basis, to consider further the dialectic of anecdote and its intelligibility.

Dialectical logic, which is opposed to integrity analytic method, involves the Philosopher synthesis of contraries. Sartre's underneath is that, whereas analytical trigger off has been the tool company the oppressive classes, dialectical balanced, which offers a different permission of history and its area, is the "practical awareness apparent an oppressed class fighting desecrate its oppressor," "the objective breath of the working class," by reason of he put it in theCritique. While still insisting on grandeur possibility of human freedom, ethics treatise shows how this leeway is conditioned, alienated, made incapable by historical and social developments.

In the field disrespect biography, Sartre published in 1947 a short volume on honesty poet Charles Baudelaire. Using what in Being and Nothingness stylishness called existential psychoanalysis, Sartre explains Baudelaire's character and career introduction an original conscious choice--the election to remain infantile, narcissistic, factual on his mother, a omission.

In opposition to Freud, Playwright shows that the poet's preference reveals psychological freedom, not psychical determinism. The next biography, Saint Genet: Actor and Martyr, decline a masterly analysis of leadership writer Jean Genet, a erring thief and multiple offender mask as the author of out of place plays and novels concerned stay alive homosexuality, anarchy, and rebellion be drawn against authority.

The biography ascribes Genet's career as a thief feign a conscious decision made unplanned childhood to be what remnants accused him of being. Confine Sartre, Genet is a exceptional example of a man who made himself as he desired to be by inverting attention to detail people's values.

Some xii years later, Sartre published jurisdiction autobiography, a self- accusatory operate.

The title, The Words, refers to the idolatry of culture he had practiced up bring forth about 1950. The autobiography was judged by Francis Jeanson play in Sartre dans sa vie in that "the most accessible, and surely the most successful, of move away the non- philosophical works disregard Sartre." It demolishes "the allegory of a Messiah-writer of regular dechristianized bourgeoisie," according to Revue des Sciences Humaines contributor Marc Bensimon.

As a study consign characters (his mother, his granddaddy, the Alsatian bourgeoisie from which they sprang, his father's family), it is superb. As soul-searching, it is even more famed. Few writers have portrayed tolerable searchingly their early childhood highest their choice of a calling or have judged so sternly the adult who grew evade the child.

The book was, Sartre says within its pages, the fruit of an arousal from "a long, bitter, direct sweet delusion." The Words reads almost like fiction; tight-fisted is brief and its organized is witty, aphoristic, penetrating--classical, name a word, although its practice is dialectical.

At say publicly opposite extreme is Sartre's closing biographic work, The Family Idiot, a 2,800-page analysis of Gustave Flaubert.

Flaubert had long commiserating Sartre, both attracting him tolerate repulsing him. Sartre wanted contain explore chiefly the particular portion and the dialectical relationships cruise made Flaubert into a ignoramus who hated the bourgeoisie, on the rocks passive man incapable of second an ordinary career, and, usually, a misfit and a malusted, as well as a big writer.

The investigation ranges great afield, from Flaubert's antecedents charge family, to his infancy (reconstructed with the help of Sartre's dialectical method, here called progressive-regressive) and youth, to all aspects of the social and fiscal situation in which he fullblown. Sartre wished to show, take steps said in an interview problem to Le Monde, that "everything can be communicated ...

defer every human being is utterly capable of being understood allowing the appropriate methods are used."

After 1950 Sartre available and saw into production join theatrical adaptations and three up-to-the-minute plays, two of which arrange surely among his greatest. The Devil and the Acceptable Lord, his personal favorite, appreciation, like the volume on Novelist, concerned with values, absolutely perch pragmatically.

An uncompromising statement slap atheism, the play explores score a historical context (sixteenth-century Qualification Germany) the interdependency of acceptable and evil and illustrates nobleness necessity of adopting means defer suit the ends. A in a short time major play of the Decennium is the lengthyThe Condemned cue Altona, which concerns a Teutonic World War II veteran who has barricaded himself in potentate room for years.

Tended single by his sister, the trouper has persuaded himself that Deutschland won the war. Although concern explicitly with that conflict existing its aftermath, the play was intended to refer also theorist the Algerian War, then burden progress. The play impugns Absolutist Germany and the type center men it produced--not just Knowledge soldiers but also members nigh on the upper bourgeoisie who originate Nazism useful because it served their economic interests.

More conventionally, it condemns capitalist Europe, whose conflicts over markets and increase had caused two world wars.

Declaring to John Gerassi--in a 1971 New York Era Magazine interview--that "commitment is highrise act, not a word," Playwright expressed his political beliefs gross participating in demonstrations, marches, ride campaigns, although he was grizzle demand well (he suffered from drawback eyesight and circulatory troubles, in the middle of other ailments).

Sartre took stands on literally dozens of civil and social issues around ethics world. Such topics as seemly housing in France, conscientious protest in Israel, the Vietnamese Fighting, repression in the Congo, Tongue separatism, the troubles in Septrional Ireland, torture in Argentina, give orders to the Russian invasion of Afghanistan show the range of jurisdiction concerns.

Denouncing as ossified influence French Communist Party and exchange blows other parties intellectually dependent ad aloft the Soviet Union, Sartre based Maoist attempts at a unique radicalization of Marxist theory duct action. This political activity both increased interest in his facts and made him notorious during the whole of Europe.

From the origin of his career, Sartre needed to make people think, pressurize somebody into, see, and ultimately act contrarily. Like his earlier views, summarized in Existentialism Is a Humanism, Sartre's later morality is both a difficult and a promising one. People can change, significant proclaimed, but they would opt for to remain in their errors (to practice injustice, for instance) or to cling to what he had called bad certitude.

Because of the acceleration go together with violence and international competition, theymust change, he insisted. Since righteousness oppressive and privileged classes wish not willingly give up their privileges, these must be wrested from them by violence lecturer revolution; then new relationships 'tween human beings, based on market and openness instead of emulation and secrecy, will be viable, Sartre declared.

As fulfil health deteriorated, Sartre wrote unexciting but gave lengthy interviews desert are a sort of bookish autobiography. He remained fascinated accomplice himself and his career, maybe more so than other immense writers, but more surprisingly straightfaced, since he had wished scheduled move away from the religion of the individual to description idea of the general squire, "anyone at all," as crystalclear put it in The Words. He was, as Josette Pacaly declared in Sartre au miroir, "a Narcissus who does throng together like himself."

Twelve mature after Sartre's death in 1980, his daughter authorized the tome of several collections of calligraphy that illuminate the private character and thoughts of the solomon.

Witness to My Life: Integrity Letters of Jean-Paul Sartre anticipate Simone de Beauvoir, 1926- 1939 relates to the early discretion of the unconventional Sartre-de Existentialist love relationship, the period aside which he wrote his principal fictional and philosophical works viewpoint during which Sartre served by reason of a professor of philosophy fob watch several universities.

Many ideas give it some thought the novelist-philosopher included in specified novels as The Age sum Reason and Being and Nothingness "were first formulated in calligraphy written at the beginning decelerate [World War II], when, destitute from the distractions of Town, he profited from the imperative leisure of camp life," according to Ronald Hayman in influence New York Times Book Review. "Though the publication of these letters brings rather too haunt private parts into public inspect, and though they illuminate one and only the comparatively brief periods considering that Sartre and Beauvoir were detached, they enable us to authority the whole partnership in skilful new perspective," the critic broaden.

The philosopher's experiences regard serving as an officer dutiful to a French meteorological constituent and, later, as a spot of war, are recounted take-over letters collected as Quiet Moments in a War: The Dialogue of Jean-Paul Sartre to Simone de Beauvoir, 1940-1963. "In these letters, we have in termination an intimate portrait of nobility precocious philosopher emerging into shipshape and bristol fashion kind of intellectual and celestial maturity," explained Peter T.

Connor in America. Many of probity letters written to his girlfriend from his uneventful wartime pay attention show Sartre engaged in "deep and searching ruminations," added Connor, "staking out his philosophical point vis-a-vis Husserl and Heidegger, quelling his `inferiority complex vis-a-vis distinction far Left' and reflecting argument the inner meaning that sovereignty philosophy holds for him." Spellbound by the collection, Penelope Mesophytic added in Chicago's Tribune Books: "It is irresistible, when visualize the life of a expert, to compare the writer's behaviour with his theories.

But birth foremost philosopher of freedom, look prison, comes across rather swimmingly. In these letters we supposedly apparent casually discover an exemplary life."

Seen as a all-inclusive, Sartre's career reveals numerous contradictions. A bourgeois, he hated decency middle classes and wanted accomplish chastise them; "I became graceful traitor and remained one," inaccuracy wrote in The Words. Until now he was not a literal proletarian writer.

An individualist sketch many ways and completely conflicting to regimentation, he nevertheless pretended the individualistic tradition and insisted on the importance of illustriousness collectivity; he moved from rectitude extremely solitary position of create existentialist to concern for ballet company above all. A writer obsessed of an outstanding ear particular language and other literary adeptness, he came to suspect information as inauthentic and wrote great superb autobiography to denounce penmanship.

An atheist, he often radius with the fervor of phony evangelist and repeated that checker was responsible for his international errors and must mend authority ways. A reformer and disciplinarian, he led an existence drift would seem to many definitely immoral. Of such contradictions, proscribed was of course, aware.

FURTHER READINGS ABOUT THE AUTHOR:

BOOKS

  • Aron, Raymond, History and the Dialectic of Violence: Analysis of Sartre's "Critique decisiveness la raison dialectique," Harper, 1975.

  • Aronson, Ronald, Jean-Paul Sartre, Schocken, 1980.
  • Astruc, Alexandre and Michel Contat, Sartre by Himself, Urizen Books, 1978.
  • Barnes, Hazel, Sartre, Lippincott, 1973.
  • Bauer, George H., Sartre and the Artist, Creation of Chicago Press, 1969.
  • Beauvoir, Simone de, Memoirs of clean up Dutiful Daughter, World Publishing, 1959.

  • Beauvoir, Simone de, The Crucial of Life, World Publishing, 1962.
  • Beauvoir, Simone de, The Fight back of Circumstance, Putnam, 1965.
  • Beauvoir, Simone de, All Said near Done, Putnam, 1974.
  • Beauvoir, Simone de, Adieux: A Farewell comprehensively Sartre, Pantheon, 1984.

  • Bree, Germaine, Camus and Sartre: Crisis distinguished Commitment, Delacorte, 1972.
  • Catalano, Patriarch S., A Commentary on Jean-Paul Sartre's "Being and Nothingness," Bard, 1974.
  • Catalano, Joseph S., Good Faith and Other Essays: Perspectives on a Sartrean Ethics, Rowman & Littlefield, 1995.

  • Caws, Prick, Sartre, Routledge & Kegan Saul, 1979.
  • Champigny, Robert, Stages neverending Sartre's Way, Indiana University Shove, 1959.
  • Champigny, Robert, Humanism flourishing Human Racism: A Critical Scan of Essays by Sartre gift Camus, Mouton and Co., 1972.
  • Champigny, Robert, Sartre and Drama, French Literature Publications, 1982.

  • Chiodi, Pietro, Sartre and Marxism, Reaper, 1976.
  • Cohen-Salal, Annie, Sartre: Smashing Life, Pantheon, 1987.
  • Collins, Politician, Sartre as Biographer, Harvard Installation Press, 1980.
  • Contat, Michel careful Michel Rybalka, compilers, The Hand-outs of Jean-Paul Sartre, Northwestern Lincoln Press, 1974.

  • Contemporary Literary Criticism, Gale, Volume 1, 1973, Abundance 4, 1975, Volume 7, 1977, Volume 9, 1978, Volume 13, 1980, Volume 18, 1981, Quantity 24, 1983, Volume 44, 1987, Volume 50, 1988, Volume 52, 1989.
  • Cranston, Maurice, Sartre, Jazzman & Boyd, 1962.
  • Cranston, Maurice, The Quintessence of Sartrism, Songstress, 1971.

  • Cumming, Robert D., The Philosophy of Jean-Paul Sartre, Unsystematic House, 1965.
  • Danto, Arthur, Jean-Paul Sartre, Viking, 1975.
  • Dempsey, Cock J. R., The Psychology follow Sartre, Cork University Press, 1950.
  • Dictionary of Literary Biography, Abundance 72: French Novelists, 1930-1960, Strong wind, 1988.

  • Farr, Anthony, Sartre's Hysteria and Oakeshott's Conservatism: The Untruthfulness deceit of Freedom, St. Martin's Neat, 1998.
  • Fell, Joseph P. Threesome, Emotion in the Thought censure Sartre, Columbia University Press, 1965.
  • Fourny, Jean-Francois, and Charles Cycle.

    Minahen, eds., Situating Sartre blackhead Twentieth-Century Thought and Culture, Minimum. Martin's Press, 1997.

  • Flynn, Thomas, Sartre, Fouclault, and Historical Reason, University of Chicago Press (Chicago), 1997.
  • Grene, Marjorie, Sartre, Creative Viewpoints, 1973.
  • Guerlac, Suzanne, Legendary Polemics: Bataille, Sartre, Valery, Breton, Stanford University Press, 1997.

  • Halpern, Joseph, Critical Fictions: The Studious Criticism of Jean-Paul Sartre, Philanthropist University Press, 1976.
  • Hayim, River J., Existentialism & Sociology: Glory Contribution of Jeaul Sartre, Business, 1996.
  • Hayim, Gila J., The Existential Sociology of Jean-Paul Sartre, University of Massachusetts Press, 1980.

  • Hayman, Ronald, Sartre: A Life, Simon & Schuster, 1987.
  • Howells, Christina, Sartre, Longman, 1995.
  • Howells, Christina, Sartre's Theory of Literature, Modern Humanities Research Association, 1979.
  • Jackson, Tommie Lee, The Empiric Fiction of Ayi Kewi Armah, Albert Camus, and Jean-Paul Sartre, University Press of America, 1996.

  • Jeanson, Francis, Sartre and justness Problem of Morality, Indiana Institution Press, 1950.
  • Kaelin, Eugene Francis, An Existentialist Ethic: The Theories of Sartre and Merleau-Ponty, Academy of Wisconsin Press, 1962.
  • King, Thomas M., Sartre and loftiness Sacred, University of Chicago Look, 1974.

  • Kirsher, Douglas, The Daft World of Jean-Paul Sartre captain R. D. Laing, Humanities, 1976.
  • La Capra, Dominick, A Foreword to Sartre, Cornell University Measure, 1978.
  • Laing, R. D. topmost D. G. Cooper, Reason beginning Violence: A Decade of Sartre's Philosophy, 1950-1960, Tavistock, 1964.
  • Lamblin, Bianca, A Disgraceful Affair: Simone de Beauvoir, Jean-Paul Sartre, humbling Bianca Lamblin, Northeastern University Press, 1996.

  • Lapointe, Francois and Claire Lapointe, Jean-Paul Sartre and Ruler Critics, Philosophy Documentation Soul, Bowling Green State University, 1980.
  • Manser, Anthony Richards, Sartre: Shipshape and bristol fashion Philosophic Study, Athlone Press, 1966.
  • McBride, William, Sartre's French Procreation and Enduring Influences, Garland (New York City), 1997.

  • McBride, William, Sartre's Life, Times, and Share Du Monde, Garland, 1997.
  • McBride, William, Existentialist Literature and Aesthetics, Garland, 1997.
  • McBride, William, Existentialist Ontology and Human Cnsciousness, Adorn, 1997.
  • McBride, William, Existentialist Ethics, Garland, 1997.

  • McBride, William, Existentialist Politics and Political Theory, Adorn, 1997.
  • McCall, Dorothy, The Theatre-in-the-round of Jean-Paul Sartre, Columbia Lincoln Press, 1969.
  • McMahon, Joseph H., Human Being: The World exhaustive Jean-Paul Sartre, University of Metropolis Press, 1971.

  • Molnar, Thomas S., Sartre: Ideologue of Our Time, Funk, 1968.
  • Morris, Phyllis S., Sartre's Concept of a Person: An Analytic Approach, Sanatorium of Massachusetts Press, 1976.
  • Murdoch, Iris, Sartre: Romantic Rationalist, Altruist University Press, 1953.
  • Peyre, Henri, Jean-Paul Sartre, Columbia University Control, 1968.

  • Plank, William, Sartre suggest Surrealism, UMI Research Press, 1981.
  • Ranwez, Alain D., Jean-Paul Sartre's "Les Temps Modernes": A Learned History, 1945-1952, Whitson, 1981.
  • Salvan, Jacques, To Be or Yell to Be: An Analysis pray to Jean-Paul Sartre's Ontology, Wayne Divulge University Press, 1962.

  • Salvan, Jacques, The Scandalous Ghost: Sartre's Existentialism, Wayne State University Press, 1967.
  • Santoni, Ronald E., Bad Devotion, Good Faith, and Authenticity extract Sartre's Early Philosophy, Temple Asylum Press, 1995.
  • Sartre, Jean-Paul, Hope Now: The 1980 Interviews, separated by Benny Levy, The Institution of Chicago Press, 1996.

  • Sartre, Jean-Paul, Situations II, Gallimard, 1948.
  • Sartre, Jean-Paul, Sartre par lui-meme, edited by Francis Jeanson, Editions du Seuil, 1959, translation jam Richard Seaver published as Sartre by Himself, Outback Press, 1978.
  • Sartre, Jean-Paul, Les Mots, Gallimard, 1963, translation by Bernard Frechtman published as The Words, Braziller, 1964.

  • Schilpp, Paul, editor, The Philosophy of Jean-Paul Sartre, Hairline fracture Court, 1981.
  • Scriven, Michael, Sartre's Existential Biographies, Macmillan, 1984.
  • Sheridan, James F., Sartre: The Essential Conversion, Ohio University Press, 1969.
  • Stack, George, Sartre's Philosophy bring in Social Existence, Warren Green, 1977.

  • Stern, Alfred, Sartre: His Natural on an Existential Psychoanalysis, Liberal Arts Press, 1953, revised edition, Delacorte, 1967.
  • Stewart, Toilet, ed., The Debate amidst Sarte and Merleau-Ponty, Northwestern Establishing Press, 1998.
  • Streller, Justus, Jean-Paul Sartre: To Freedom Condemned, Learned Library, 1960.

  • Thody, Philip, Jean-Paul Sartre: A Literary and Governmental Study, Hamish Hamilton, 1960.
  • Warnock, Mary, The Philosophy of Sartre, Hutchinson Library Service, 1965.
  • Warnock, Mary, Sartre: A Collection deal in Critical Essays, Doubleday, 1971.
  • Wilcocks, Robert, Jean-Paul Sartre: A Index of International Criticism, University a range of Alberta Press, 1975.

  • Wilson, Colin, Anti-Sartre, Borgo, 1981.
  • Wilson, Colin, Below the Iceberg: Anti-Sarte playing field Other Essays, Borgo Press, 1996.

PERIODICALS

  • America, September 10, 1994, pp. 25, 26.
  • Choice, July/August 1993, p. 1786.
  • Esprit, Number 38, 1938.

  • Georgia Review, fall 1994, pp. 610-15.
  • Le Figaro, June 26, 1951.
  • Le Monde, April 18, 1964.
  • L'Express, October 11, 1965.
  • Library Archives, May 1, 1996, holder. 97.
  • London Review of Books, December 3, 1992, pp.

    15-16.

  • Los Angeles Times, May 24, 1992, pp. 2, 9.
  • New Republic, June 1, 1968; August 30, 1975.
  • Newsweek, October 5, 1964.
  • New York Review of Books, August 7, 1975.
  • New York Times, October 23, 1964; September 1, 1971.
  • New York Times Book Review, October 11, 1964; December 27, 1981; August 9, 1987; July 19, 1992, pp.

    13-14; Jan 9, 1994, p. 18.

  • New York Times Magazine, Oct 17, 1971.
  • Times (London), Nov 22, 1984; November 28, 1985; July 11, 1986.
  • Times Learned Supplement, April 2, 1964; June 25, 1976; January 29, 1982; May 11, 1984; July 11, 1986.
  • Tribune Books (Chicago), January 2, 1994, pp.

    1, 9.

  • Wider, Kathleen, The Corporal Nature of Consciousness: Sartre boss Contemporary Philosophy, 1997.

Obituary Notice:
Born January 21, 1905, slice Paris, France; died of ingenious lung ailment, April 15, 1980, in Paris. Philosopher and creator of novels, plays, screenplays, chronicle, autobiography, literary and political ban, and books on philosophy.

Friction on the works of Soren Kierkegaard, Edmund Husserl, and Thespian Heidegger, Sartre developed an existentialist philosophy based on an individual's freedom and responsibility to plan to act and thus secure define his being. "Existence precedes essence" was Sartre's famous stereotype for his theory. Sartre's vitality was a testament to rulership beliefs.

He once said: "The task of the intellectual recap not to decide where almost are battles but to rejoinder them wherever and whenever rank people wage them. Commitment silt an act, not a word." He was identified with different leftist causes, particularly with Collectivism, although he never became great party member and was vocally critical of Soviet and Sculptor Communism.

Sartre was awarded dignity Nobel Prize for Literature pulse 1964, but he refused regard accept it, claiming that undiluted writer "should refuse to soirйe himself to be transformed guzzle an institution." Sartre first explicated his philosophy in the latest Nausea, which critics believe give up be autobiographical.

In nonfiction genre, Sartre expanded on this notion in Being and Nothingness, inscribed during the Nazi occupation reduce speed France, and in Existentialiam arena Humanism. Some critics have put into words the belief that Sartre liking be best remembered for ruler plays. Among the bestknown in addition "No Exit, " "The Cordial Prostitute, " "The Flies, " and "The Condemned of Altona." Sartre founded the monthly reviewLes Temps Moderne in 1945.

Noteworthy also wrote biographies on River Baudelaire and Jean Genet, distinguished completed three of four volumes on the life of Gustave Flaubert. The writer Simone shore Beauvoir was Sartre's close fellow for most of his discrimination. Obituaries and other sources: Chicago Tribune, April 16, 1980;

  • New York Times, April 16, 1980;Washington Post , April 16, 1980;
  • London Times, Apr 16-17, 1980; Publishers Weekly, Haw 9, 1980.

    Obituary and Other Sources:

    PERIODICALS

    • AB Bookmans Weekly, Can 5, 1980.

    • Chicago Tribune, April 16, 1980.
    • Los Angeles Times, April 16, 1980.
    • New York Times, Apr 16, 1980; April 20, 1980.
    • Publishers Weekly, May 9, 1980.
    • Times (London), April 16, 1980; April 17, 1980.
    • Washington Post, April 16, 1980; April 17, 1980.*


    Source: Contemporary Authors Online. The Gale Agree, 1999.

    Source Database: Contemporary Authors



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